Can Shattering Spree Be Countered?

The original Shattering Spree will be countered first, then Replicate will resolve and create a copy/copies of the original spell, using last known information because it has left the stack. Since those copies were not cast, they do not cause the Chalice to trigger. The copies will resolve normally.

Does chalice counter replicate?

Essentially, Chalice only counters "cast" spells, and copying the spell doesn't "cast" the copies. So, only the original spell is countered.

Can you counter a spell before it gets copied?

You can respond to the counterspell by casting fork. This will get you a copy of the spell that will resolve before the counterspell counters the original spell. If you let the counterspell resolve there won't be anything left on the stack to copy.