Could Superman Break Adamantium?

Superman can't break adamantium. The periodic table is constant throughout the universe. It's just as strong on earth as it is anywhere else. If he can't break it here he can't do it anywhere.

Who can break Adamantium?

Secondary Adamantium also called Adamantium Steel, was created retroactively after too many instances of the supposedly-unbreakable metal Adamantium getting broken were written. Someone with considerable superhuman strength, such as Thor, can break it or warp it by fully exerting their strength.

Can Superman beat Black Panther?

Superman can easily outfight nearly anyone he's up against, but he'd rather use his brains to win rather than his vast repertoire of powers. While Black Panther's vibranium gives him a way to absorb a lot of damage and redirect it at a foe, there's just not much he could do against Superman.