M Option in Make Command, Makefile

M is not an option for make. Note it lacks the hyphen. M is a variable assigned to the execution of make. If make executes a Makefile script, this script can read the variable M and use its contents.

In the example you provide, make will read Makefile in ~/kernel-2.6 and assign your present working directory to variable M. Typically, this will allow for make to return to your current directory after processing Makefile.

I had similar quiz with

make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules

Here the make is called within my project's directory. -C is make option:

-C dir, --directory=dir Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to -C /etc. This is typically used with recursive invocations of make.

M is not make option but argument passed to it. Since -C changes make directory we know that make will read make file in that directory. By inspection of make file in that directory I have discovered what it is going then to do with M:

From make file (named Makefile) in the directory pointed to by -C (btw it is kernel build directory):

# Use make M=dir to specify directory of external module to build
# Old syntax make ... SUBDIRS=$PWD is still supported
# Setting the environment variable KBUILD_EXTMOD takes precedence
ifdef SUBDIRS
  KBUILD_EXTMOD ?= $(SUBDIRS)
endif

Explanation from Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition, Jonathan Corbet et al.:

This command starts by changing its directory to the one provided with the -C option (that is, your kernel source directory). There it finds the kernel's top-level makefile. The M= option causes that makefile to move back into your module source directory before trying to build the modules target.

Read the manual for make:

-C dir, --directory=dir
            Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else.

Your invocation changes the directory to ~/kernel and effectively calls make there, i.e. reading the Makefile from that directory. With the M variable, the makefile knows where your actual project files are and can change back to that location.

The point is that you don't write your own makefile, but use a single, once-and-for-all version.

Other answers are mostly correct, but I want to tell you the way to learn it.

1. M is not a option
2. M is a variable in Makefile
3. so we should read the Makefile in the directory that the make -C changes to.

Read the Makefile: there are few comments:

# Use make M=dir to specify directory of external module to build
# Old syntax make ... SUBDIRS=$PWD is still supported
# Setting the environment variable KBUILD_EXTMOD take precedence
ifdef SUBDIRS
  KBUILD_EXTMOD ?= $(SUBDIRS)
endif

ifeq ("$(origin M)", "command line")
  KBUILD_EXTMOD := $(M)
endif

You can search for KBUILD_EXTMOD:

VPATH       := $(srctree)$(if $(KBUILD_EXTMOD),:$(KBUILD_EXTMOD))
module-dirs := $(addprefix _module_,$(KBUILD_EXTMOD))

That's how the kernel's Makefile can build your out-of-tree sources.

The command to build an external module is:

    $ make -C <path_to_kernel_src> M=$PWD

The kbuild system knows that an external module is being built due to the "M=" option given in the command.

To build against the running kernel use:

    $ make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build M=$PWD

In a Unix shell, writing `foobar` in the middle of a command means "run the command foobar and substitute its output here."

So including M=`pwd` in the make command means "run the pwd command to print the current working directory, and set the M variable to that value."